buy custom The Impacts of World War II in America essay

buy custom The Impacts of World War II in America essay The Great Depression The Great Depression was the deepest and the longest economic slump in the western world. It happened in the decade prior to World War Two. It originated in the United States in 1929 when the stock market crashed and billions of investment vanished. This led to a further demise of many banks after depositors withdrew their money in a state of panic. It is said to be the greatest inflation in the twentieth century. It bought about poverty and unemployment and sharp decrease in production around the world. In Europe, it is believed to have pushed countries like Germany into war after their democratic leaders were overthrown by fascists who came into power riding on the wave of disillusionment occasioned by the Great Depression. Problems that led to the Great Depression The stock market crash of 1929 This is alleged to be one of the major causes of the great depression. On October 29, 1929, a day labeled Black Tuesday; stock prices in the Wall Street in New York plummeted to all new lows. Stock holders lost more than forty billion dollars by the end of the stock decline period. This led to many Americans to cut their spending leading to loss of jobs, especially in the industrial cities. The collapse of banks After the stock market crash of 1929, many investors started shying away from investments; therefore it meant less borrowing hence denying the banking sector a main source of income. The banks started recalling loans in earnest hence many people who had saved with the banks started withdrawing their savings. With this turn of events, banks lacked money to stay afloat hence leading to a wave of bank failures. In the early 1930s, more than seven hundred U.S banks collapsed although the federal government tried to save some. The global economic downturn After the end of the First World War, many European countries were experiencing severe depression with regards to losses incurred during the war. In order for these countries to rebuild, they had borrowed heavily from the United States. Therefore the economic stature of the United States was strongly connected to that of the rest of the world. When the United States started experiencing depression, it started recalling its loans from abroad. The European borrowers were unable to return these loans hence the world experienced a sharp decline in economic fortunes. The decline of purchases across the board With the increasing fear of further economic affliction, populace from all classes of life stopped buying items. This led to a pile up of unused goods leading to a decline in levels of production in various industries. Many of these industries closed down therefore many workers lost their jobs. People who had borrowed loans were unable to repay them and their belongings were repossessed, leading to even less spending and consequently more job losses. The rate of unemployment rose to above 25% in the United States. Deflation When production began to fall, prices all spiraled down. This led to;- Increased difficulty in meeting past debt obligations, which led to foreclosures and further panic. Encouraged people to hold on to their cash therefore less spending (called by Keynes the paradox of thrift) A decline in the prices of assets A fall in industry profits Fear and loss of confidence in investments Distress selling whereby people disposed their assets before they depreciated Inequality in wealth and income Another cause of the depression advanced by two economists William Foster and Waddill Catchings was inequalities of wealth and earnings in the 1920s. They argued that a lot of goods were produced during that period but then many people could not afford these goods. Most of the proceeds from this increased production went to profits and eventually to the stock markets instead of the increase of wages. An increase in wages could have meant greater spending therefore decrease in income disparities. Steps Franklin D. Roosevelt Took to End the Depression During the years after the 1929 Stock crash, the Republican Herbert Hoover administration tried to reassure the nation that the depression would run its cause. It adopted a non interventionists stance in dealing with this turn of events. However, the situation failed to improve and unemployment rose to unprecedented levels. In the 1932 elections, the Hoover administration was bundled out of office and the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt became the president on a wave of great hope and overwhelming majority votes. He set about to turn things around by taking action such as; The close of all banks in the United States (called the bank holiday) After Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated into office (on march, 4 1933), he ordered all banks to close for four days, during which time the congress would pass legislation and determine which banks would reopen after this period. This move is viewed to have calmed the situation and stopped the bank runs for a while but in the long run it didnt stop the runaway pessimism in saving and investing with the banks. The beginning of fireside chats President Franklin D. Roosevelt started radio talks to directly address the nation (branded fireside chats) in order to calm peoples nerves and therefore dissuade further bank runs and other distress decisions such as money hoarding. This appeased the citizenry and brought about sanity and the economy outlook improved. Despite this short term measure, the economy further suffered depression in the following years until 1938. The enactment of legislation The Roosevelt administration passed legislation to stabilize production (both in industry and agriculture), create employment and initiate recovery. This was dubbed the new deal by the Roosevelt administration. Institutions and Programs were formed to support the recovery process. Among the major ones were;- -The Works Project Administration, which employed millions of Americans during and after depression -The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which undertook large construction of dams and hydroelectric schemes. These helped control flooding and provided water and electricity in the south. In a bid to streamline the financial system, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was formed to act as a stock market regulator and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was formed to protect depositors assets. The Social Security Act Prior to the depression, the United States didnt have any form of social security Program. In 1935, the congress passed the Social Security Act which established a system that provided old-age pensions for workers, survivors benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, and aid for defendant mothers and children, the blind and physically disabled. The positives of this act are that it helped Americans to feel more secure. The successes of the New Deal and its Legacies Although the new deal programs helped spur an economic recovery in the short term, all the effort is said to have been reversed by the sharp recession of 1937. Overall, the new deal gave faith and hope to the Americans, in that there government cared for once. The Hoover administration was accused to have left the populace, especially the poor, to their own devices. The Roosevelt administration was seen to confront the inflation. Otherwise, the New Deal changes did not alleviate unemployment nor did it eliminate poverty. It was seen to have just promoted socialism principles of the day. Its legacies were the advent of the national Social Security program and the increased control of the economy by the federal government through State organs such as the Federal Reserve and The Security Exchange Commission. The real economic reprieve came in 1938 at the start of World War Two, where the nited States adopted a state of preparedness and many industries were revived to start armament production. THE IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II IN AMERICA By the end of the First World War, the United States had poised itself to take over the mantle as the worlds next economic power. The great depression followed in the late 1920s delivering a severe blow to the worlds economies. Devastated by this turns of events, many European governments turned to dictatorships in order to gain back control, notably Germany and Italy. This is what is believed to have spurred the start of the Second World War. America was not keen on engaging in World War II. The event that changed that was the attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor. In 1939, President Roosevelt stopped the trade of iron and gasoline with Japan and all their assets in the United States were frozen. The Japanese did not take it well especially because they needed it for their war against china. In 1941, they attacked Pearl Harbor killing over 2000 people and severely damaging several battleships. Impacts of World War II in America Despite the America being reluctant to participate in World War II, the war had several impacts to America. Below are some of the positive impacts of World War II era in America and the transformations made during this period. At the start of world war two, the European countries were the ones which fought between each other. It was of the opinion of many Americans that this was a European war, so the United States decided to stay out of it. It instead decided to adopt a state of preparedness in case of an attack on its mainland. Then came the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The United States realized it could no longer adopt an observers stance. Therefore plans were initiated to enter the war. Initial plans were to go it alone. But then policy makers realized that for the war to be won, an alliance would have to be formed since the greater enemy, which was Germany, was in Europe. It was also easier to form an alliance with France and Britain because of shared ideals like democracy and past historical ties. An alliance would also be more effective due to economies of scale. The United States would also gain a vast market for its military industrial production. It provided money, food, petroleum, t echnology and (in the latter stages of the war) soldiers. It was the great arsenal of democracy to the allied powers, as described by Roosevelt. The allied powers also consisted of the Soviet Union and China, because of the common goal to destroy Nazism, although this two had other agendas of their own, to expand communism. Through this alliance, the allies saw the need for international cooperation, to avert future conflicts of this scale, hence the United Nations was formed after the end of the war, to promote and maintain world peace. The United States physical infrastructure was not directly affected during world war two, since the battleground was in Europe. This ensured the industrial complex remained intact therefore the United States gained the status of the chief supplier of armaments and other war support products to the alliance and thereafter the financier of the reconstruction of western Europe after the war. Hence its economic status grew in leaps and bounds. Unemployment was eliminated and standards of living rose sharply. It can be safely concluded that the United States was the biggest economic beneficiary of world war two. Another impact of World War II was the adoption of dollar as the international currency. The United State's dollars become an international currency after WWII. This was due to the demise of the other major world currencies after the collapse of the European economies. The formation of the International Monetary Fund further set the United States as the chief custodian of the worlds finance. Also, the United States economy gained a lot of human capital. Top scholars like scientists, economists and talented people like Einstein and others mainly from Europe migrated to the United States. This migration had started in the early 1930s after many European governments became totalitarian in nature. The immigrants were escaping political persecution. They brought with them a lot of expertise and knowledge. This helped spur an industrial revolution. It culminated in the formation of the Manhattan project which came up with the atomic bomb. Such technological advancements helped bring the war to a quick end. Notable immigrants were the Jews escaping Nazi Germany. Jews are good in finance and business and they played a major role in economic expansion. They still played a major role today. Rich Jews also financed the war effort. Due to increased economic effort and the expanded economy, labor wages improved leading to improved standards of living. Sectors of the economy like real estate grew tremendously because of new found wealth. Returning war veterans bought houses with the help of policies put in place by the federal government for former servicemen. Labor unions gained a lot of clout since many labor barriers were lowered in order to satisfy labor needs. Women started working in large industrial chains and participated in making aircraft, weapons and other previously manly jobs. In the armed forces, women were enlisted in the Womens Corps. Minority groups such as blacks and Latinos were employed in large numbers in factories and worked along with the whites. However, this arrangement sometimes aroused racial tensions, leading to race riots in overcrowded cities such as Chicago, Harlem and Detroit. Regardless of this setback, this arrangement set a basis for future racial tolerance and integration. The World War II also led to the expansion of employment in America. After the commencement of the state of war preparedness programs, previous high unemployment rates occasioned by the great depression vanished. Labor surplus became labor shortage in a span of less than three years. Groups which were previously locked out of the labor market like housewives and minorities found themselves in huge demand. This phenomenon led to abandonment of peasant farming as many farmers migrated to cities to take up industrial jobs or enlisted for military service. It led to rapid urbanization, which spurred an industrial and technological revolution In addition, the World War II also led to the American mainland experiencing a lot of internal population shifts. This phenomenon occurred mainly due to labor needs realignment. Before the war, north United States was mainly preoccupied with production and finance industries while the south was predominantly occupied with agricultural production. After the start of world war two, and commencement of war preparedness programs, many southerners moved into the northern cities to satisfy increased labor requirements. The northern cities became very congested and house rents very expensive. This also led to culture shifts, especially to southerners because they would now have to work along with blacks. Another population shift was implemented by the federal government, which decided to intern Americans of Japanese descent, when it started an offensive against Japan. This arose out of the belief that the American-Japanese may provide covert information to the imperial Japan army, therefore compromising the homeland security. Many historians claim that these were just unfounded fears. The American-Japanese population was interned in concentration camps often in areas with harsh climates. After the war, many of them decided to go back to Japan. Americans of Italian and German origin living in the American coastal cities were also asked to relocate to the interior, although they were not interned like the Japanese. Impact of World War II on Americas Domestic Front Arsenal of Democracy Arsenal of Democracy was a slogan made famous by President Roosevelt on December 29, 1940 through radio. It originated from Robert Emmet Sherwood who was quoted in the New York Times May 12, 1940 as saying "this country is already, in effect, an arsenal for the democratic Allies." At the time, Germany who had allied with Japan and Italy had occupied much of Europe and was threatening to take over Britain. That day Roosevelt promised the United Kingdom that it would help by giving military supplies, the United States was to stay out of the actual battle. President Roosevelt called Detroit Michigan the great Arsenal of Democracyas the automotive industry which produced armaments during World War II was flourishing. He asked the American to become "the great arsenal oof democracy". He gave a speech that that showed the Americans the situation they were would not favor them if the axis powers won. The speech signified Americas likelihood of entry to World War II despite its inter war United states policy. In the period of 1940-1944, they supplied over $50 billion worth of war materiel to the United Kingdom and its supporters. Impact of the war on business and the federal government, One of the major effects of the war is that it ended the great depression. The great depression started in 1929 and progressed all through during World War 2. It had negatively affected many economies throughout the world. In the United States, 11.5 million Americans were unemployed. President Roosevelt had introduced some economic measures labeled the new deal meant to steady the economy but these measures only managed to slightly improve the economy. Before the war, the national government was not very influential in its citizens economic and social lives. But due to the war effort, the federal government became a major influence in the general populace. The war effort united the people behind their government. It was therefore easier for the government to implement major projects. Of note in this period is that the government was able to increase its tax base from 4 million to 43 million during the period between 1939 and 1945. Although this was less than a half of what was needed to cover the world effort, it was a very significant step towards economic advancement. in order to cover the deficit, the government introduced the war bonds. Americans bought these bonds to the tune of 185 billion dollars, more than what was necessary. The treasury department was also able to contain inflation to very low levels (an average of 3.5%) during the war period. The rate of unemployment decreased sharply during the years between 1941 and 1945. Even women who would have otherwise not have worked gained jobs. This was due to increased defense spending on civilian and military programs. To balance the civilian and military needs during the war, president Roosevelt formed the war production board and the office of war mobilization headed by both civilian leaders (mainly company executives) and military leaders. Although there was a lot of internal wrangling, these agencies managed to successfully coordinate the war effort without hurting the economy. Industrial concerns were fully directed to the production of armaments and other war related products such as food, vehicles and textiles. This positioned the United States strategically as a major world producer. The dollar strengthened against other world currencies and by the end of the war it was the world currency. During that time, many scientists immigrated to the United States. Many industrial developments and inventions were made during that time in a bid to support the wartime effort. Folks from the countryside relocated to the cities in order to satisfy the labor needs occasioned by the heightened war production and also to replace positions left by laborers who had enlisted in the war. Industries such as car manufacturers started producing airplanes and weapons. Labor unions grew both in power and stature. There was major migration to big industrial towns. Men who had been drafted and were working in some of the industries had to be replaced by people from rural areas. They moved in order to provide labor in these industries which were very essential at the time. Most of the African Americans moved from the agricultural field in the south to the large cities. This brought about racial tensions. There were disagreements about jobs and cities feared race riots would happen and cause major damage. Although the riots did happen, they were not as major and damaging as was feared. Impact of World War II on Americas Agricultural Sector There was major labor shortage in the agriculture sector. A number of workers had been drafted and most of the remaining opted to move to the city and work in the industries. This created a lot of pressure as most agricultural products were in demand especially by the military. Germany prisoners of war were used to work on the farms and food processing industries. Civil Rights during the World War II Because of increased labor requirements, large migrations of black communities from the southern states went to work in big cities such as Chicago. As they integrated with the predominantly white communities, a lot of race related confrontations took place. The white population which had also immigrated from the south found it hard to work alongside the blacks. This led to rise of civil rights organizations. The black civil rights groups formed a V campaign, of both campaigning for equality rights at home and fighting for country abroad. The Japanese-American Internment After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the citizens of the United States expressed their disgust of the Japanese Government by mistreating the Japanese Americans who did not have anything to do with the attack. Harassment and hate crimes were on the rise. Japanese Americans remained loyal to their ancestral land. People did not trust them as they were feared to be a security risk. They would be suspected as being spies for the Japanese government. Fear and bad advice led President Roosevelt to sign an order in February 1942 that all Japanese to be relocated to concentration camps in the middle of United States. Many sold their businesses, homes and other valuables because they did not trust their property would still be there when they returned. Most of these Japanese Americans had never been to Japan but this did not make a difference. Even those who were veterans of the World War 1 were forced to leave their homes. They were held in camps in the remote areas of western America where the housing consisted mainly of tarpaper barracks. Dinning was done in mess halls and children were to attend school while adults had an option of working for a salary of $5 per day. Cultivation on the arid soil where the camps were located was not successful so the Japanese American had to rely on food from the American government. Life in the camps was very challenging it was too hot in summer and too cold in winter. There were recreation activities to pass time in the relocation centers but it was far from comforting. There was no escape route as if anyone tried to flee the camps; they would be shot instantly by the armed sentries who kept guard. They elected representatives who were to air their grievances to the government but it often failed. Fred korematsu went to court challenging the order by President Roosevelt to no avail. The Supreme Court ruled that the order was a wartime necessity. Negativity toward the Japanese in America was all over and even after the order was appealed, many could not go back to their homes . In 1988, the United States government tried to apologize by awarding the surviving interns a sum of $20,000. Impact of World War II on Women in the Industrial workplace The war brought about significant changes on the role of women in the society. Before the war, it was customary that the men were the ones that went to work. During the war, many former laborers enlisted to be servicemen. This left a huge labour gap in many industrial cities. The industrial production had to be maintained and even president Roosevelt urged that it was important for people to support the war in any way they could. He said that this was a contribution to winning the war as the soldiers that were at war. Only a quarter of American women worked before the year 1941. This call to action opened many working opportunities to women and other minority groups who would otherwise not have worked during Many women went to work during the war and when it ended, some of them were replaced by the veterans. Those who wanted to continue working did so. Women gained more respect as they proved they could work outside and still keep the home running. They asked for equal pay and this made impact on the workforce. The next generation and the ones after that of women also worked as they found it was common to do so In conclusion, World War II was an event with an outcome that moved us towards a better nation. The United States economy reached tremendous and unduplicated growth rates. This course of events positioned the United States as the worlds economic, industrial and military super power. The war can be said to have changed the United States course of history forever. Buy custom The Impacts of World War II in America essay

South Koreas Capital City of Seoul

South Korea's Capital City of Seoul Seoul is the capital and largest city in  South Korea. Its considered a megacity because it has a population of over ten million people, with nearly half of its 10,208,302 people residing in the National Capital Area (which also includes Incheon and Gyeonggi). Seoul, South Korea The Seoul National Capital Area is the second-largest in the world at 233.7 square miles and an average elevation of just above sea level at 282 feet. Because of its very large population, Seoul is considered a global city and it is the center of South Koreas economy, culture, and politics. Throughout its history, Seoul was known by a number of different names, and the name Seoul itself is believed to have originated from the Korean word for the capital city, Seoraneol. The name Seoul is interesting, however, because it has no matching Chinese characters. Instead, a Chinese name for the city, which sounds similar, has recently been chosen. GoranQ/Getty Images History of Settlement and Independence Seoul has been continuously settled for over 2,000 years since it was first founded in 18 B.C. by the Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The city also remained as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. During the Japanese colonization of Korea in the early 20th century, Seoul became known as Gyeongseong. In 1945, Korea gained its independence from Japan and the city was renamed Seoul. In 1949, the city separated from Gyeonggi Province and it became a special city, but in 1950, North Korean troops occupied the city during the Korean War and the entire city was nearly destroyed. On March 14, 1951, the  United Nations forces took control of Seoul. Since then, the city has rebuilt and grown considerably. Today, Seoul is still considered a special city, or a direct-controlled municipality, in that it as a city has a status equal to that of a province. This means that it has no provincial government controlling it. Rather, the federal government of South Korea controls it directly. Because of its very long history of settlement, Seoul is home to a number of historic sites and monuments. The Seoul National Capital Area has four  UNESCO  World Heritage Sites: the  Changdeokgung Palace Complex, the  Hwaseong Fortress, the  Jongmyo Shrine,  and the  Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Diego Mariottini/EyeEm/Getty Images Geographic Facts and Population Figures Seoul is located in the northwestern part of South Korea. The city of Seoul itself has an area of 233.7 square miles and is cut in half by the Han River, which was previously used as a trade route to China and helped the city grow throughout its history. The Han River is no longer used for navigation because its estuary is at the border between North and South Korea. Seoul is surrounded by several mountains but the city itself is relatively flat because it is on the Han River plain, and the average elevation of Seoul is 282 feet (86 m). Due to its very large population and relatively small area, Seoul is known for its  population density  which is about 44,776 people per square mile. As such, much of the city consists of dense  high-rise  apartment buildings. Mostly all of Seouls residents are of Korean descent, although there are some small groups of Chinese and Japanese. The  climate  of Seoul is considered both humid subtropical and humid continental (the city lies on the border of these). Summers are hot and humid and the East Asian monsoon has a strong impact on Seouls weather from June to July. Winters are usually cold and dry, although the city gets an average of 28 days of snow per year. The average January low temperature for Seoul is 21 degrees F (-6 degrees C) and the average August high temperature is 85 degrees F (29.5 degrees C). Politics and Economy As one of the largest cities in the world and a leading global city, Seoul has become the headquarters for many international companies. Currently, it is the headquarters of companies like Samsung, LG, Hyundai, and Kia. It also generates over 20% of South Koreas gross domestic product. In addition to its large multinational companies, Seouls economy is focused on tourism, building, and manufacturing. The city is also known for its shopping and the Dongdaemun Market, which is the largest market in South Korea. Seoul is divided into 25 administrative divisions called gu. Each gu has its own government and each is divided into several neighborhoods called a dong. Each gu in Seoul varies in both size and population. Songpa has the largest population, while Seocho is the gu with the largest area in Seoul.

Managing Financial Resources Cafe Restaurant Essay

Managing Financial Resources Cafe Restaurant - Essay Example The following should be included in the capital expenditures: equipment for accounting purposes such as calculator or computer , cash register , and credit card machine; utensils for the use by customers such as forks, spoons, and knives; other furnishing and appliances such as a CD player for background music, trash baskets, flower pots and decorations, toilet fixtures, special lighting, and display shelves (refrigerated and non-refrigerated);safety equipment such as intrusion and smoke detectors; and of course , a sign that says "Jana's Caf" or something similar. Capital expenditures like these are durable goods used over a long period of time by the business and their costs are depreciated or amortised over their useful lives which can last more than one year. Some restaurants businesses consider utensils as revenue expenditure if these get lost frequently and need to be replaced. Revenue expenditures are the costs of running the business and should include government permits and fees, taxes, utilities such as power/light and water; building dues and fees; repair and maintenance of equipment and furnishings; office supplies such as paper, pens, and receipts; salaries of staff, and uniforms of serving staff, if any. If they borrow from a bank, they also have to pay bank interest. (2000, 000 CZK).

Slavery in belle isle in Richmond VA Research Paper

Slavery in belle isle in Richmond VA - Research Paper Example The only barrier that kept the prisoners in one place was a ditch and a wall made from earth. However, the guards shot the prisoners that wanted to escape and crossed the barrier. Because the prisoners were exceedingly many in the prisons, the owners of the prisons sold them or made them work for people (Takagi 43). This way the congestion in the prison reduced significantly because of the number of prisoners sold as slaves. Therefore, the factories that existed in the island received labor from the slaves and made substantial profits from their trade. The slave trade existed in the island for nearly two hundred years. The black slaves constituted the biggest number of slaves. Even after the abolition of the slave trade in most places around the world, it did not end in the island. This is because the slave trade brought substantial profits to the traders and owners of the prison. Slave trade was particularly beneficial to the people that owned farms, factories and industries in Richmond, the owners of the island. This is because they offered cheap labor. Because the owners of the productions had many slaves, they did the work easily. The slaves bought were usually from Africa meaning that they were blacks. The economic importance of the slave trade made the trade exist for an exceedingly long time. The economy of Richmond grew (Takagi 45). Because of the inhumanity that had developed towards the slave trade the trade existed for even a longer time. With time, Virginia had the biggest number of slaves in America. This was because of the prisoners held in the area as well as the agricultural demand of labor. The place depended fully on plantation farming for its economy. This means that they had to exploit the farms that they had, and this was only though slavery. Both men and women worked in the farms. After the civil war, many people in America set the slaves free (Takagi 43). Virginia

Human Resource Managers Of Coca Cola Company

Human Resource Managers Of Coca Cola Company There are many large or small enterprises from all developed or developing countries which are already or are in the process of going global and being international. There are lots of things that are helping to an international business in this time such as being international travel much easier and quicker. Global communication has became easier and increased the quality of life. Likewise transfer of new technology around the world making global business and employment easier which is leading to migration of large number of labours market around the world. Among which Coca Cola Company is also one of the largest multinational company. Its headquarter is in America and has number of regional office almost all around the world. They have got large number of staff all around the world. In context of coca cola company, they are applying the procedure and different models of international human resource development. The role of international human resource managers is significantly high in such kinds of organization. As we know that, this is a growing MNE. The things that brought forward the trend of globalization are ; international market that have need, expectation and wants, difference in the cost of production of goods and employee costs among different countries, law and order with government policies on tax and import and export of goods and its limitations along with the activities of competitors. HR managers have to be capable of understanding and responding all these kinds of trends so, that they can gain an idea to differentiate between domestic-based HR management and international human resource management. According to Schuler and colleagues they have define international human resource management on the both part of strategic and international of multinational enterprises such as Coca Cola Company. They are trying to expand the congested function of HR to border function for expatriation. Strategic IHRM is human resource management issues, functions and policies and practices that result from the strategic activities of multinational enterprises and that impact on the international concerns and goals of those enterprises (Schuler, 1993). In my opinion, the responsibility of international Human Resource Managers can be discussed in two ways. One way is that a multinational company have to recruit an employee to send abroad for some specific task and for some time period. But in another context like in UK, there is multi domestic company where many international employee are working together which is the result of globalization. So, HR managers have to address both duty. A company like coca cola which is a MNE, they have to send their employee on international assignments. Human resource managers are getting problem in many ways for such cases, sometimes with disastrous results. There may be many reason for that but one may be the reason that HR managers send their staffs on abroad jobs without providing efficient pre-training or providing some period for the transitional stage. In this time, they can provide some kinds of guidance and essential management skills and tackling tactics in various scenarios by human resource managers along with HR and companys international policies. The human resource managers of coca cola company are now a days, equipping an employee with specific reference and essential skills to be successful on international jobs. They are following the standard procedure as well as realistic one. HR managers are taking special consideration while they are performing selection, giving training and managing performance. For example, now coca cola company, while they are appointing an employee as a sales managers or representative to India, they prefer to choose Indian employee or an employee who knows better Indian culture because, he can better perform in his familiar environment rather than any other new one. He can adapt easily in that environment which is a beneficial part for Coca Cola Company. If they appoint any other new person who is unknown of that culture, this will directly affect the performance of an employee and also he need more training and required more knowledge which will be costly for HR managers. Therefore, the role of human resource managers is very important while they are selecting an employee for an organization who needs to work in different cultural environment. There should be a valid reason for selecting a candidate for that job not just appointing haphazardly. HR managers have to set a bit different procedure to select an employee who is working in domestic cultural environment and in international cultural environment. HR managers have to look for all specific key skills within the candidate and find the correct one. Somehow this may looks like an very difficult to find a ideal candidate who has desire to go abroad with his abilities. According to a 2002 study,expatriates wanted their human resource departments to above all eliminate unnecessary uncertainty and ambiguity (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin and Cardy, 2004: 321). Providing a relevant training is the most effective ways to get good productivity from an employee. For an employee who is going abroad, HR managers have to provide pre-departure training like local culture, values and attitudes. When an employee have to go for abroad, their family member also need a cross cultural training as a plus point. Before arriving an expatriate in host country it is beneficial if he gets some kinds of orientation and training programs. In case of coca cola, they have potential competitor like Pepsi cola and other cold drinks multinational company so it is important to encourage an employee who has got knowledge and skills in order to retain these people. The knowledge gain by an employee from abroad is very precious rather than gain within home country because they have got a chance to work in a different environment and they have been tackled through different situations. International human resource managers have found that employee relations vary significantly from country to country and that the strategies used to motivate workers in one country are sometimes useless in another country(Katz Elsea, 1997). Coca cola company is a western company and this company has also tend to think like many other westerners do as contract in extremely legal, scientific terms, and when it is signed both parties are bounded by its conditions and policies. That once it is signed all parties will simply abide by its terms. But there is different culture in other countries like in china they wants to grow a good relation with the management after the contract and after when they start to know each other. Hence, HR managers need to consider openness, originality and flexibility not just only learning prior to enter in a countries as a MNE which have different culture. Coca cola company is a large MNE and they have invested large amount of resource in there employee for some specific project. This is very important to manage the performance of employees in overseas situation by taking regular feedback and assess them properly. Such kind of things can be helpful to minimize the threat of future expensive mistake, like paying for unsuccessful employees recruiting and training expanses. In case of employee payment it is obvious that there is different, depending on the specific country they are assigning for. This is a duty or responsibility of HR managers that to state the policies and terms and conditions in noticeable manner about remuneration among similar position in other countries. Above we have discussed in the prospective of a coca cola company in the global context and recruitment selection and performance management for their employee. This is all about the IME when they have to assigning the expertise to overseas. As we said there is the increasing role of international human resource managers to make or to prepare for the change of culture and help them to adjust in the change environment. Motivating and managing performance of abroad employee by providing proper reward system and providing proper allowances is also the main job of human resource managers. Besides that, International recruitment from overseas countries for employment in the home market is also the other major role for international human resource managers. They are also responsible for managing diversity, helping them in adjusting in new cultural environment, proper management of their performance and providing benefits from company. In this time of globalization labour market has became smaller so, people are moving from one country to another countries for employment process. For a company situated in a home country, they have also recruited an employee from different cultural diversity. Employees from diversified culture provide some kind of advantages and disadvantages in an organization. Therefore, there could arises conflict among the employees within own company, even with mangers also. If, HR managers look at the advantage side, they have the advantage of diversity for the company. They can innovate the idea of cutting of the costs, productivity and the increases new ideas for the forces of work; the development of the quality of the managing procedure; the capacity of employees to use points of view, styles for leading and different landing in the process of taking decisions and in cultivation of the new ideas. Employee can analyse and work within themselves when they have got problem at work.

Psychotherapy Techniques

Psychotherapy involves a number of techniques used to improve mental health or emotional and behavioral issues. Three common techniques are psychoanalysis, cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Although these may have some fundamental similarities, especially in their objectives, there are some ways in which these approaches are different. Psychoanalysis began with Freud. Trained as a neurologist, Freud began seeing neurological problems that had no biological basis in his clients. He therefore looked towards the mind for answers. Psychoanalysis is based on the belief that change will take place when an individual becomes more self- aware by bringing unconscious thoughts and feelings into the conscious. Behavior must be based more on reality than instinct. The basic method of psychoanalysis is the free association method, where the client is directed to say whatever comes to mind on hearing a particular word. The analyst listens well and interprets the patterns and inhibitions in the patient's speech and behavior the analyst's main job is to help the patient to free his mind from unconscious barriers or past patterns of thought relatedness that are no longer helpful to the client. Recent psychoanalysis techniques try to help clients gain better trust in themselves, self -esteem and overcome the fear of death. Psychoanalysts believe that a more insight-oriented approach is to be used with healthier clients and a more supportive approach with more disturbed clients. This type of analysis is thought to be useful in clients with personality problems and neuroses, problems of intimacy and relationships. Psychoanalysis may include the client examining his relationship with the therapist. This is not included in cognitive or behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy which also has its foundation in the concept of distorted thoughts and how they influence behavior uses a different technique for helping the client. The emphasis here is more on distorted thoughts interfering with the reality than on patterns of the client's personality as in the psychoanalytical model. The central premise is that our thoughts mediate between the stimuli in the environment and our emotions. Therefore a stimulus elicits a thought which in turn might stimulate a particular emotion, especially if that thought is an evaluative judgment. Cognitive therapists suggest that psychological distress is caused by distorted thoughts about stimuli giving rise to distressed emotions. In short, faulty thoughts cause psychological problems and therefore changing our thought patterns will lead to mental healing and changes in behavior. The analyst therefore attempts to help the client become aware of these distorted thoughts and the behavioral patterns which are re-enforcing these distorted thoughts and then to help the client correct them. The analyst has to understand the experiences from the client's point of view, unlike in psychoanalysis where the analyst only listens and points out insights to the client. The cognitive analyst then helps the client explore these distressed thoughts and put them against reality. The distorted thoughts are replaced by more accurate thoughts about the client and his life. Since this therapy is geared towards modifying people's core beliefs, it has been found to be more effective in treating conditions such as depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and phobias. A major difference observed with behavioral therapy is that it is focused on behaviors that are observable and measurable rather than on cognitions as in the two previous therapies. Behavioral therapy relies on principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and social learning theory. Generally behavior therapy works by changing the client's behavior through use of rewards, reinforcements and desensitization. There are many different techniques that are used by behavior therapists, including self-management, biofeedback, role-playing, modelling,etc. Unlike psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy, the client practices a particular behavior, accompanied by a reward or reinforcement of that positive behavior until change in behavior has taken place. Similar to cognitive therapy, behavior therapy is not generally used in dealing with issues of relationships. In some instances cognitive and behavior therapy are combined in one technique- cognitive-behavioral – where the analysts helps the client to understand the thinking behind his behavior while practicing alternative behaviors.

The Linked History of the Flashlight and the Battery

The flashlight was invented in 1898 and patented in 1899. The biblical quote let there be light was on the cover of the 1899 Eveready catalog advertising the new flashlight.   Eveready Founder Conrad Hubert In 1888, a Russian immigrant  and inventor named Conrad Hubert founded the  American Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company (later renamed Eveready). Huberts company manufactured and  marketed battery-powered novelties. For example, neckties and flower pots that lit up. Batteries were still a novelty at that time, then only recently introduced to the consumer market. David Misell, Inventor of the Flashlight A flashlight by definition is a small, portable lamp usually powered by batteries.  While  Conrad Hubert might have known  the flashlight was a bright idea, it was not his. British inventor David Misell, who was living in New York, patented the original flashlight and sold those patent rights to the Eveready Battery Company. Conrad  Hubert first met Misell  in 1897. Impressed with his work,  Hubert  purchased all of Misells previous patents related to lighting, Misells  workshop, and his then-unfinished invention, the tubular flashlight. Misells patent was  issued on January 10,  1899.  His portable light was  designed in the now familiar tube-shape and used three D batteries  placed in a line, with a lightbulb at one end of the tube.   Success Why  was the flashlight called a flashlight? The first flashlights used batteries that did not last very long. They provided a flash of light, so to speak. However, Conrad  Hubert continued to improve his product and made the flashlight a commercial success. It helped make Hubert a  multi-millionaire, and  Eveready a huge company. Source: Utley, Bill. History of the First Tubular Flashlight. CandlePowerForums, May 20, 2002.